Pain and the power of touch

On the hospital ward

After graduating from university, my first job was on an orthopaedics ward. Most patients proudly pointed to their new hip or knee buried beneath freshly stitched skin. They were chuffed, ready to roll out of bed, believing that their pain was now a thing of the past.

Once they started to move, however, the pain was always sudden, sharp and steely. This pain, I soon learn, can’t be completely dulled by analgesia – too many medications can cause complications, including excessive drowsiness. And here, the post-operation orders were strict. Every patient had to be up and moving.

The patient in front of me had knee-replacement surgery yesterday and is resisting my attempts to persuade her out of bed.

“No!” She folds her arms.

“But we need to get you up to start rehab.”

“Stop using we. It’s you. You are trying to get me out of bed. I just want to rest.”

“It’s almost lunchtime. You can’t lie in bed all day.”

My hands rest on my hips. I’m hungry, and annoyed that she has closed her eyes.

“We need to exercise your new knee.”

She flinches.

“Sorry. I mean you. You need to exercise your knee.”

“Fine!” She throws off her blanket. “You’re a cruel woman.”

I step forward, hands out, ready to assist her over the edge of the bed.

“Rack off,” she says and grimaces as she rolls onto her side. “Just look at what you’re making me do.”

While studying physiotherapy we had small scripts to practice. This was to ensure that we clearly introduced ourselves, confirmed the patient’s identity, explained the treatment plan, had the patient’s consent, and that we always offered empathy.

When practising with my classmates, these words felt flat and hollow as we recited them to each other. But, over time, as we began to see patients during clinical placements, they become more meaningful. We would lose marks if we missed a step in the script.

It was only when I graduated and started working that I discovered gaps in these scripts. They didn’t account for how unpredictable pain can be.

Pain is personal

“I bet you’ve never been in pain.” She stops moving and clutches her knee.

I don’t tell her about my broken bones. The reoccurring back spasms I’ve had since falling through a ceiling 17 years ago. The shrill headaches that descend weekly. Or the menstrual migraines that flatten me monthly. These are not part of the script.

“You’re doing well – you’ve just got ten more repetitions to go. You’ve got three more days until you can be discharged.”

“You have no idea how this feels.” In many ways, my patient is right. Besides studying anatomy and the biomechanics of joint replacements, I didn’t actually know what she was going through. No textbook or university tutor could fully prepare me.

Pain is not a linear process, with predictable start and end points. Rather, pain is personal. It’s influenced by your degree of perceived danger, and your life and medical history. And so, even if we all slipped on a banana peel and sustained exactly the same injuries, we’d all ache in different ways.

At the time, just as I was starting my career, I didn’t quite have my head wrapped around the practicalities of these concepts. But I was quickly learning that if I treated patients even with the slightest touch, many would shriek and recoil.

Handle with care

Each of my nails is ringed with red skin. Even in warm months I have chilblains. At work, I shove my hands deep into my pockets, curl them around ginger teas, knead them with cream, as well as clap and clench them. And still my patients scream as if shocked.

I soon learned that I needed to add a warning to my script. “Sorry for my cold hands,” I’d say before palpating their back or knee. “You weren’t joking,” was the common refrain.

The brain can prime the body for pain — including a cold set of hands — if given sufficient warning. Conversely, it can intensify an experience if caught off guard. And so my approach, albeit apologetic, was often enough to avoid shocking patients. But, I wondered, was there anything else I could say to help minimise my patients’ pain?

Over the intervening years, I’ve learned to be careful with the words that I use when talking to patients. You see, words can rub and burn just as much as they can soothe.

Researchers from Emory University in Atlanta have studied how the brain reacts to language. Test subjects lay in an MRI machine and listened as a researcher recited metaphorical and literal descriptions, such as — the operation went smoothly (the operation went successfully), she has nerves of steel (she is very calm), he had leathery hands (he had strong hands) — in a neutral tone with minimum inflection.

The results were conclusive. Textured metaphors caused the brain to react like it was being touched.

I think about the metaphors frequently associated with injuries — wear and tear, frozen, burning, stabbing, shooting, lacerating. I wonder how often I’ve used these common but violent descriptions without even thinking. For a while I worry if all I have done is cause pain.

Stories that comfort and soothe

Now, whenever I am trying to encourage someone to move — especially when I know that it might be an uncomfortable or even painful process — I try to think of meaningful ways to explain the treatment.

Trisha Greenhalgh and Brian Hurwitz were early proponents for the importance of narratives in healthcare. In 1999 they wrote: “Narrative provides meaning, context, perspective for the patient's predicament. It defines how, why, and what way he or she is ill. It offers, in short, a possibility of understanding which cannot be arrived at by any other means.”

In the context of physiotherapy, a narrative may be as simple as saying, “Motion is lotion.” This phrase neatly reframes the idea of moving a stiff joint as a beneficial and potentially soothing sensation. It is softer and more soothing than saying, “No pain, no gain.”

Sometimes it’s helpful to remember that patient who called me a physio-terrorist, who said, “All you do is cause pain.” It reminds me that words, including my job title, can have a significant impact.

Rather than relying on scripts or clichés, I lean into open-ended questions, such as, “Can you tell me the story about your pain?” and listen hard before responding. I choose my words carefully, checking whether they place a patient at ease. Although pain is a solitary experience, treatment sessions should be a place of teamwork.

Want to find out more about our attitudes and experiences of touch? The results of Wellcome Collection and BBC Radio 4’s survey, The Touch Test, are out now.